Special Observances, June 12-18

JUNE 12: NATIONAL RED ROSE DAY

Each year National Red Rose Day, honors the flower that is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty: the red rose, also the June birth flower. This special day, around since the early 2000s, is celebrated worldwide. Red roses were used in many early cultures for wedding decorations attire. Giving red roses is a traditional message of love still practiced today. They are also known for their fragrance and are cultivated for perfumes as well as brewing healing teas. Furthermore, roses come in a wide variety. From low-growing shrubs with dainty blossoms to long-stemmed robust plants, roses offer deep scarlets and bright berry-colored reds.

In June, red roses are in bloom in flower gardens across the US. Their beauty and sweet scent fill the air with happiness. Whether red, white, pink, yellow, or variations thereof, we have a splendid rose garden in our vicinity at Lyndhurst in Tarrytown: https://lyndhurst.org

JUNE 13: NATIONAL KITCHEN KLUTZES OF AMERICA DAY

June 13 honors those of us who would like to cooK, but just can’t seem to get the knack. It is National Kitchen Klutzes of America Day. Kitchen Klutzes are the people who set out with the intention of being like Julia Child. Reality quickly sets in dreams go up in the smoke that billows from the oven, knife cuts turn bloody, and cookies and fingers are burnt. The Kitchen Klutz has struck. It may be necessary to keep a first aid kit and fire extinguisher handy when Kitchen Klutzes are around.

There’s no record of the origin or even the purpose of the day, but that hasn’t kept us from celebrating it. The day reminds us that, in the kitchen or elsewhere, problems and accidents happen to us all. Be prepared to call 911 and have your favorite take-out ready as a backup.

 JUNE 14: FAMILY HISTORY DAY

Family History brings the past to life and makes it relevant. When young people begin researching their roots, they turn into detectives, treasure hunters, and historians on the quest to ferret out their “missing” family members. Along the way, they learn about the sacrifices, triumphs, determination, and quiet existence of people who helped make them who they are today. When less-than-young people do the same, the aha moments abound.

Knowing about our ancestors helps us keep things in perspective: Every family has people who have done well, done badly, lived through unimaginable tragedies, fought on the wrong side, sacrificed, struggled, and succeeded. Whether your family is crafty, digitally minded, exploration driven or a combination of all three, you will find something to kick start the re-discovery of your extended family. Enjoy!

JUNE 15: FLY A KITE DAY

Legend has it that Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity on June 15, 1752. Thanks to him, it’s Fly a Kite Day! Franklin first began conducting electricity experiments in 1747 and continued on for almost a decade. Thankfully, he documented his work and ideas in letters, which is why we know that 1749 was a big year. That’s when he first documented what he believed were similarities between electricity and lightning: the light’s color, crooked direction, crackling noise, and other things. He suspected lightning was electrical in nature, and wanted to prove it, knowing he could if the lightning passed through metal: i.e., a kite and a key. He knew the kite could get close to storm clouds, and he knew a metal key would attract the charge. And he was right! His discovery led to his invention of the lightning rod, which protects people, buildings, and ships to this day. Franklin’s also credited with coining electricity-related terms we still use today, including electrician, conductor, condenser, charge, discharge, uncharged, negative, minus, plus, electric shock, and battery.

Fly a kite to celebrate! Better yet, give your grandchild, niece or nephew a kite to celebrate, and cheer on the flight! But also take the time to appreciate Benjamin Franklin and his passion for science.

JUNE 16: NATIONAL FUDGE DAY

The dense candy-like treat known as fudge is believed to have been a mistake. According to legend, a confectioner flubbed while trying to make caramel, but ended up creating something just as tasty. We celebrate this happy accident on National Fudge Day. Fudge also has historical ties to female scholars. In the late 19th and early 20th century, fudge recipes spread like wildfire among students at women’s colleges such as Vassar, Wellesley, and Smith. One student made 30 pounds of the stuff for the Vassar Senior Auction in 1890!

National Fudge Day comes around each year, allowing aficionados to indulge in their favorite flavor of the delicious treat. Some of the most familiar flavors are chocolate, chocolate nut, peanut butter, maple, and maple nut. Fudge flavors lend themselves to experimentation, however. Blending favorites or even a moment of inspiration will create a new delicious kind of fudge.

JUNE 17: WORLD JUGGLING DAY

World Juggling Day encourages jugglers to unite and celebrate the joy of juggling. The day also encourages people to learn how to juggle. Estimates suggest only about 21% of the public can juggle. Want to learn? Experts say start with scarves—first two, then move to three. Don’t have scarves? Juggle plastic bags from the grocery store. Then move on to balls, rings, or beanbags. Many expert jugglers also use knives, flaming torches, and even chainsaws. Don’t start with those.

Historians believe juggling dates back to 2000 BC in ancient Egypt. It can also be traced back to the Aztec Empire. Also probably in Greek and Roman cultures. During the Middle Ages, jugglers were sometimes thought to be witches. In the Renaissance, juggling became a way to please royalty., but also entertained common folk throughout Europe. In fact, the word juggler comes from the word “jogelen,” which means “to entertain.” In 1793, juggling came to the US with the circus. Vaudeville included jugglers as well. Through-out the years, juggling has maintained its popularity for both amateurs and professionals. People can get into juggling at any age. The only prerequisite is passion.

World Juggling Day began in 1995 with the International Juggling Association (I.J.A.). Initially, it was commemorated as National Juggling Day. However, seeing its worldwide appeal, the I.J.A. renamed it World Juggling Day.

JUNE 18: INTERNATIONAL PICNIC DAY

International Picnic Day is easy to celebrate — with a picnic! Picnics have been a staple of most cultures. However, the picnic, as we know it today, didn’t exist until the French Revolution when public parks finally became available to the masses (that’s us). It was then, and is today, a great way to bring people together for an enjoyable day. Worldwide, picnics are a relaxing change of pace from daily lives.

Although the French are credited with the creation of modern picnics, globalization and individual cultures are responsible for their grand popularity. In 2018, 55% of young Americans said a picnic was their favorite warm-weather activity. And there are very few, if any, cultures around the world that do not engage in picnicking in their own way. Picnics are a wonderful way to get outside and enjoy what your town has to offer you. Kingsland Point Park by the Hudson has picnic tables galore. Or just take a lunch or dinner down to our own Terrace!

The Gift: Poem and Artist Book, by Sheila Benedis

THE GIFT            

                    introducing our son

                  to mountain climbing

                 step by step over rocks

    ascending mountains by the age of four

                           happily hiking

 

       becoming a serious hiker as an adult

         climbing all four thousand footers

                   in the White Mountains           

              drawing his full concentration

    preferring the historic mountains of Europe

to the wide open spaces of American mountains

 

           sharing hiking with his children

                 nourishing their bodies

                   soothing their minds

           sharing a special experience

                               a gift

 

              seeing his photographs

         hiking the Utah Canyonlands

                 fuels my creativity

               inspiring my collages    

         three generations enriched

                            the gift

The Gift: Artist Book

Ain't It Ducky!

Ladies and Gentlemen, hold onto your hats! The sports competition of the year is just around the corner!

SUNDAY, JUNE 11, 11 AM

PATRIOTS PARK, TARRYTOWN

IT’S

That’s right, these superb athletes have been training all year. Sunday, they will brave the torturous Patriots Park waters of Andres Brook, each fighting for the glory that is the Rubber Ducky who crosses the finish line first.

The Break-Neck Race of 2022

Not only that! But you, Sir, and you, Madam, can be right in the exciting midst of the competition. Adopt a ducky and cheer him or her (hard to tell) on to victory. There are so many opportunities! Adopt a single duck, a cost-effective Six Quack, or go for the gold with Tub-O-Ducks—13 of your most amazing competitors. (And best yet: They will NOT go home with you—they can be messy, you know.) For more information about Ducky Adoption, click here.

BUT THAT’S NOT ALL! THERE’S MORE!

NOT ONLY WILL THERE BE GLORIOUS WEATHER, AN EXCITED CROWD, AND ALL THOSE GLORIOUS DUCKIES, THERE WILL BE

FOOD:

2022 Feast Galore!

Rubber Duckies are High-Class Anseriforms (look it up). They are in this for the glory, not sordid lucre. All adoption funds, food, and donations go to the Rotary Club of the Tarrytowns and all their great work in the communities of Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow. Says who? Major sponsors such as Phelps Hospital and—hold onto your hats—Kendal on Hudson, that’s who!

Once more, for more information click here.

Quotable Quotes

Valerie Wallace has come up with a niche that needs filling on the Residents Website:

Interesting quotes about or from interesting people or about historical or contemporary happenings or oddities.

And Valerie has provide the first one, about a particular new fad of the seventeenth century in England. Seems in 1657, a London court prosecuted James Farr, a Barber:

“ . . . for making and selling a drink called coffee whereby in making the same he annoyeth his neighbors by evil smells.”

We wonder if Starbucks knows about this.

Valerie discovered the incident in Jonathan Healey’s The Blazing World: A History of Revolutionary England 1603 - 1689

Four River Towns We Know & Love

River Villages are very special, each with its own character, but sharing proximity to one of the most beautiful rivers in the world. Art Brady took these photos of four River Villages from a viewpoint across the Hudson. See if you can pick out buildings you recognize!

Tarrytown by the Bridge

Our next-door neighbor Irvington

Next up: Dobbs Ferry

Hastings has its similarities—and differences

Special Observances

JUNE 5: NATIONAL GINGERBREAD DAY

‘Tis the season to celebrate National Gingerbread Day, when gingerbread lovers across the country celebrate by sampling their favorite recipes and gingerbread treats. Whether in the form of bread, cakes, bars, biscuits, or cookies, they’re delicious any time of year.

The term “gingerbread” originally referred to preserved ginger. Later, it typically used honey or molasses rather than just sugar and was flavored with ginger. It is believed that gingerbread was first brought to Europe in 992 by an Armenian monk. He lived there for seven years teaching gingerbread cooking to the French priests and Christians until his death in 999. Sources indicate that in 1444, Swedish nuns were baking gingerbread to ease indigestion. In the 17th century, gingerbread biscuits were sold in monasteries, pharmacies and town square farmers markets. During the 18th century, gingerbread became widely available. And today it is available at the drop of a cake, cookie, or muffin tin.

JUNE 6: NATIONAL YO-YO DAY

If it seems like yo-yos have been around forever, that’s because they have; we’re talking over 2,000 years! Some believe it all started in ancient Greece, but modern yo-yos likely came from the Philippines. In fact, the word “yo-yo” first appeared in a Filipino dictionary in 1860. But they didn’t become popular stateside until the 1930s. Pedro Flores (of Filipino descent) began mass producing yo-yos in 1928. After holding some promotional competitions, he caught the eye of Donald F. Duncan Sr, who thought these yo-yo things were awesome! Duncan bought Flores out, hired him to run the marketing campaigns, and the rest is National Yo-yo Day history.

Today the Duncan Toy Company is synonymous with this iconic toy. However, it wasn’t Duncan’s or Flores’ idea to hold a National Yo-Yo Day. No, that honor goes to Daniel Volk — a yo-yo pro whose talent helped spread the toy’s popularity. After all, he starred in “The Yo-Yo-Yo Man Instructional Video” alongside the Smothers Brothers (which can still be found on youtube).

National Yo-yo Day has been held on June 6 since 1990. It’s a day to channel your inner child and start celebrating!

JUNE 7: NATIONAL CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM DAY

To observe National Chocolate Ice Cream Day, all you need is chocolate ice cream. Why stop there? You can have it in a cone or make it from scratch. Add sprinkles or syrup or whipped cream.

Chocolate ice cream is the second most common flavor, surpassed only by vanilla. It has been in existence well over a hundred years and has been popular in the United States since the late 19th century. In producing it, cocoa powder is blended in with eggs, cream, vanilla, and sugar. Other flavors, such as rocky road or triple chocolate chunk, use chocolate ice cream in their creation.

While you can enjoy this day with a scoop or two, you could also explore the variety of chocolate ice creams available, too. How many kinds of chocolate ice cream could there possibly be? For starters, of course, there’s dark chocolate and milk chocolate. But then we can add peanut butter or marshmallow. Rocky Road is chocolate-based. And don’t forget all the kinds of fudge. Some people like chocolate and mint mixed together, too. The list goes on and on.

JUNE 8: BEST FRIENDS DAY

Whether they’re near or far, old or new, best friends help to carry us through our lives. National Best Friends Day is time to tell them how much we appreciate their company. As the Mayo Clinic reports: “Friends help you cope with traumas, such as divorce, serious illness, job loss, or the death of a loved one. They also encourage you to change or avoid unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as excessive drinking or lack of exercise.” Today’s the day to enjoy a little one-on-one time with the people who never fail to catch us when we fall.

We have our own country to thank for this lighthearted holiday. In 1935, the U.S. Congress gathered to devote a day each year in tribute to close friends. They chose June 8, which is usually a balmy day in all regions of the country—perfect for outdoor activities. Since then, many other countries have adopted the practice. Some even throw festivals to celebrate their chosen family. While the holiday seems to have lost popularity through the years, it has seen a recent upsurge in engagement since the advent of social media.

JUNE 9: DONALD DUCK DAY

Donald Duck made his cartoon debut in “The Wise Little Hen” back in the summer 1934. He didn’t meet Mickey Mouse until his second appearance in “Orphan’s Benefit” later that year. From there, it wasn’t long before Daisy Duck and his nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie were introduced. In spite of their superior diction, they weren’t able to steal the spotlight from Donald. You can’t replace his grumpy, nearly incomprehensible charm, and it’s why the Donald has been in more movies (200+) than any Disney character.

More or less starting off as a comic-book character, he remains the most published non-superhero ever. Such is his popularity that Donald Duck is a national hero in Finland!

With his signature blue sailor suit (no pants), Donald Duck has appeared in more short films and feature films than any other Disney character. Walt Disney conjured up the idea for Donald Duck to introduce an edgier character to balance out the goody-goody jolly Mickey Mouse.

Another defining feature of Donald Duck is his voice. Clarence Nash, the original voice actor for Donald, created a distinct voice achieved by ‘buccal speech,’ a form of vocalization that utilizes the inner cheek to create sound instead of the larynx. Nash first discovered this while trying to mimic his pet goat.

In the 1940s, Donald Duck overtook Mickey Mouse with over 128 independent short animations. This was truly the decade of the Donald, as he soared to popularity faster than any other Disney figure. During World War II, despite having to halt most of its production, Donald Duck was featured in several American propaganda films. One of these animations earned Disney an Academy Award for Best Short Film. Other than his success in films, Donald also got his own comic in the 1940s that branched into an entire series of independent Donald Duck comics, which are circulated and enjoyed by adults and children until today.

JUNE 10: NATIONAL BALL POINT PEN DAY

Before 1943, anyone who wanted to write a letter or scribble some notes on a piece of paper used a fountain pen or pencil. Now the dominant writing instrument is the ballpoint pen, originally conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to the quill and fountain pens. In earlier years, many attempts by inventors led to failed patents. Their inventions did not deliver the ink evenly. They also had overflow and clogging issues.

In June of 1943, the brothers Laszlo and Gyorgy Biro obtained their patent for the ballpoint pen, revolutionizing how many write letters and conduct business. Today, manufacturers produce ballpoint pens by the millions and sell them worldwide. As a promotional tool, ballpoint pens find their way into our hands from advertisers of all sorts assuring that we always have a ballpoint pen handy, too.

JUNE 11: CORN ON THE COB DAY

The founder or creator of National Corn on the Cob Day is still unknown. That doesn’t make chowing down on this special treat any less delicious.

Corn on the cob is a treat in the summertime that people from all corners of the US look forward to as we start the picnic season. There are several names for this summer treat, among them corn stick, pole corn, sweet pole, long maize, or butter-pop. Corn on the cob can be served as a side dish by boiling, grilling, or roasting the corn.

The proper dinner protocol for eating corn says it is proper to hold the cob at each end with your fingers. Or save your fingers by those cute plastic corn on the cob handles—or any design of corn holders.

Tree Apparel, by Sheila Benedis

Tree Apparel

I relate tree’s apparel

its leaves

to tree’s true feelings

in all four seasons

 

trees in winter

have lost their leaves

but not their life force

trees are compelled

to shed their apparel

in the cold

proudly show off their structure

their beauty their power

their magical world

for all to see

 

as spring descends

buds sprout tiny delicate

moss green leaflets

lively bright colored flowers

trees still look elegant

still happy

still magical

in the warmer weather

minimal covering of authentic life

 

but gradually leaves grow

into a deep forest green

completely cover the branches

summer reigns

apparel takes over                                                                           

trees have lost their life force

in the heat

very dark very

almost despondent mood

 

until fall approaches

after a brilliant show of color

trees happily drop their leaves

shed their apparel

disregard the cold

get ready for winter spectacle

bring armature back to life

so strong

so happy

so excited

in their glory

a mystical world

 

through an underground

network of roots and soil fungi

trees perceive and interact with environment

share water and nutrients

communicate their needs

in cooperative ways

have intelligence

store memories

send distress signals

respond to attacks

trees are social beings

support each other

have a consciousness

similar to humans

have a positive effect

on our emotions

Tree Apparel collage

Art and photos by Sheila Benedis

Art by Hart

When the picture frame store was closed for vacation...

Aunt Selma worried that Miriam was too much woman for shy Thornton

It was tricky to get everyone into the concert with only one ticket

Brodie adored Henning, her walrus-canary mix

Ray's mother had asked him repeatedly NOT to invite his plant-based friends home for dinner

Art and photos by Jane Hart

C'est Beau . . . Oh, How Your Garden Can Grow!

Contributed by Simone

New Beauty on Main Street

When the new wall was built outside the Private Dining Room, Marilyn Bottjer, Chair of CAFA, asked Art Brady to take some photos of Kendal to add life to the otherwise massive white space. In early March, he did just that. This past week they turned the massive white space into something special. The photographs — magnificent views of the Hudson, day and night — are not only beautiful. They are inspiring. If you think they are breath-taking here, walk on down Main Street and see the real things.

Marilyn Bother and Art Brady admire the two new additions outside the Private Dining Room.

Special Observances, May 29-June 4

MAY 29: END OF THE MIDDLE AGES DAY

The Middle Ages — sometimes called the medieval period or Dark Ages — started in Europe with the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. Many historians referred to this period as the Dark Ages because they saw it as an era lacking in notable accomplishments in science, art, and politics — a period of darkness, poverty, and untapped potential.

Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the hands of the invading Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1453. This day, many believe, marks the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the 15th-century Renaissance. When Constantinople fell to Ottoman invaders led by Sultan Mehmed II, many intellectuals fled the capital city for asylum in Italy and started a revival of learning based on classical Greek sources. The study of Greek and Roman culture, languages, philosophies, and art was revived in Italy where the scholars settled, and this initiated the Renaissance.

MAY 30: NATIONAL CREATIVITY DAY

Unleash your imagination for National Creativity Day! Many things in our lives were spawned out of someone’s imagination. Artists, writers, sculptors, filmmakers, chefs, landscapers, architects, and many more. This special day was founded to honor and celebrate everyone who creates new things each day.

People have differing opinions about the history of creativity. Some believe it began in the prehistoric ages when early humans used leaves to cover themselves and developed tools for hunting. Others believe it originated with the Australian Aborigines. They had moved from India to Australia, inventing an incredibly creative hunting tool, the boomerang, in the process. People also tend to think creativity originated in ancient Egypt, Mexico, Asia. The pyramids, geometry, astronomy, and advancements in production and science are all examples of a creative bent.

The greatest period of creativity in history is said to be the period of the Renaissance, where everyone sought to express themselves, and creativity bloomed in every aspect of life, even in politics, economy, society, art, philosophy, science, and education.

MAY 31: NATIONAL SMILE DAY

National Smile Day encourages everyone to wear their best smile! The first recorded smile on record took place on 126 B.C. Okay, we made that up. But did you smile? Joking aside, a smile is born when funny things happen or we find pleasure in the things we do. Someone we love or enjoy spending time with may be the cause of a grin or beaming look of joy.

Smiles are powerful! They not only create engagement between two people but the more a person smiles, the healthier their brain can be. Smiling has a direct link to our brain and can help to reduce stress.

There is so much a smile can do. Just one smile can brighten someone’s day. It can also improve your day. Smiles are infectious. A healthy smile can develop confidence and generate a new outlook on the world.

JUNE 1: OSCAR THE GROUCH DAY

 Since May 31 is National Smile Day, it is only fittin’ that June 1 is Oscar the Grouch. Oscar, a Sesame Street character, is a grumpy, grouchy creature who lives in a trash can. Oscar is known for his love of garbage and all things dirty. He is also known for being grumpy and grouchy most of the time. Despite his negative personality traits, Oscar is a lovable character. He has a heart of gold and is always there for his friends when they need him. He may be grumpy, but he is also loyal and caring.

June 1st is Oscar the Grouch's birthday — the day when he is at his absolute grouchiest. In episode 3866 of Sesame Street, after Oscar reads a birthday card from his mother, and after hearing Oscar tell the viewers that it was his birthday, Sesame Street character Telly Monster tried to give Oscar a grouchy birthday party, something that Oscar thought he couldn't do. In the end, however, Oscar was proved wrong. He received many grouchy rotten gifts that he cherished. Oscar admits that he was wrong — everyone knew how to celebrate a Grouch birthday. At the end of the day Oscar notes the best thing about having a birthday: you have to wait a whole year until the next one.

Celebrate the day with others who enjoy all things grouchy!

JUNE 2: NATIONAL DONUT DAY

 Each year on the first Friday in June, people participate in National Doughnut or Donut Day, celebrating the doughnut and honoring the Salvation Army Lassies. The Salvation Army Lassies are the women who served doughnuts to soldiers during WWI. In 1917, the original “Salvation Army Doughnut” was first served by the ladies of the Salvation Army. It was during WWI that the Salvation Army Lassies went to the front lines of Europe. Home-cooked foods, provided by these brave volunteers, were a morale boost to the troops. The doughnuts were often cooked in oil inside the metal helmets of American soldiers. American infantrymen were then commonly called “doughboys.” A more standard spelling of the word is “donut.”

On this day, many bakeries and coffee shops in the United States offer doughnut deals to their customers. Remember: You’re not consuming calories, your celebrating heroes of yore!

JUNE 3: LOVE CONQUERS ALL DAY

Love Conquers All Day has been celebrated since the early 1900s, when it was first created to honor the power of love and its ability to overcome any obstacle. No matter how tough life gets, the sailing becomes smoother with our loved ones at our side. It is a day to express gratitude and love to those who matter and recognize love as an emotion that makes the world go around. A day of joy and warmth, you can celebrate it with your friends, family, partners, pets, or anyone whom you love and cherish!

The famous expression, ‘love conquers all,’ is credited to the Roman poet Virgil. The expression suggests that there is no force in the world that cannot be overcome by love.

It's a great opportunity to take time out of your busy schedule and show that special someone just how much they mean to you. From romantic gestures to simply saying "I love you," there are many ways to celebrate this holiday and make it extra memorable.

JUNE 4: NATIONAL CHEESE DAY

National Cheese Day — not to be confused with other popular cheese related holidays such as grilled cheese day, cheesecake day, or mac and cheese day — is in reverence of the queen of all dairy: the big cheese.

Cheese making is an ancient, some might even say sacred, craft. So ancient in fact it predates recorded history. It is speculated that the magic of cheese making began somewhere around 8000 BCE shortly after the domestication of animals.

The most popular cheese of all is mozzarella. This delicious and pizza topping cheese was first created near Naples from the rich milk of water buffalos. At the time, it rarely left its home near Naples, as it was made from pasteurized milk, and a lack of refrigeration meant it had a very short shelf life. As both cheese technology and refrigeration systems advanced, this delicious cheese left the southern region of Italy and found itself traveling around the world.

Today, cheese dishes can be found on every continent served savory, sweet, melted, deep fried, and even chilled in ice cream. This household staple can still satisfy any craving after thousands of years. And if you take photographs of it being enjoyed, remember: right before you click the shutter, shout “Say Cheese!”

Art by Hart

Dobbin didn't know why he had to go to the hospital when he was just a little hoarse

Grace and Lenny were an unusual morning news team, but their ratings were going through the roof

Josephine's spicy tuna roll impression was spot on

Felicity had expected her yard sale to be far more successful

Old MacDonald rented out the farm EIEI-oh

Art and Photos by Jane Hart

© Kendal on Hudson Residents Association 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 all rights reserved.  Please do not reproduce without permission.

Photographs of life at Kendal on Hudson are by residents.